Global Warming A Money Making - 1472 Words

Global Warming: A Money-Making Gimmick or a Money-Making Reality? Global Warming, for years we have been listening to this term, whether it be in middle school or later on; we have always been given the same definition for it- â€Å"a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants†,(Global Warming: News, Facts, Causes Effects†). Throughout our school life, we have been taught and tested on this definition and its causes and effects. However, the question remains, is global warming a phenomenon caused due to human carelessness or is the increasing temperature a natural occurrence? The documentary The Global Warming Swindle builds up its authenticity by introducing its participants and interviewees, who are mostly top scientists and reputed researchers in the field of climate study and change, and goes on to present facts, statistics, and data to prove their stand- Global Warming is not man-made and is only propaganda to promote fear of extreme climate change, for scientists to benefit from, therefore, concluding with an effective message and providing sufficient information to support this documentary. The documentary introduces a new perspective on global warming. For years, we thought CO2 emissions via human beings and their resources contributed to the Earth’s increasing temperatures and eventually led toShow MoreRelatedWe Must Stop Global Warming878 Words   |  4 Pageshas been a bit hotter outside lately? Have you seen on the news that sea levels are rising? Did you know global warming affects animals? Do you want to know a couple of things to do to help stop global warming? I want you to help stop global warming. You should help me stop global warming because if you continue global warming sea levels will rise more. You should also help stop global warming because records and research show that sea level has been steadily rising at a rate of 0.04 to 0.1 inchesRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthe biggest problems facing in today s world is global warming. It is affecting the earth from climate changes, storms becoming worse over time creating damage to peoples homes, species dying because they can’t adapt rapidly to the changes, animal s population is shrinking and new diseases being created. Thankfully through time we have developed new technology to reduce the effect of global warming. However since we have dealt with global warming for so long for many years, we have double theseRead MoreSave The Earth, Buy Less By Jared Blumenfeld984 Words   |  4 Pagespresent time is global warming. Global warming is a massive problem for one to solve, but we can create positive change by making environmentally-conscious personal choices and inspiring others to take collective action. I believe we all can take actions to reduce the global warming: we can reduce pollution, we can recycle products and we can conserve water. These all actions can contribute to making our planet a â€Å"greener† place to live. First of all, in order to reduce the global warming, we need toRead MoreDefining Global Warming1117 Words   |  5 Pages Global warming is a very broad subject. The official definition of global warming is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from greenhouse effect. I translate this into the earth warming up; this might be caused by people. I personally think that global warming is man-made. Some processes that contribute to global warming are factories, cars, and many other objects that produce carbon dioxide. Global warming isRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Serious Problem Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdisappearing habitats, changing ecosystems, and acidifying oceans.† (Berger, 2015) Global warming is a serious problem for several reasons including melting glaciers, more severe storms, and the effects that it is having on our wild life/ sea life due to the greenhouse effect. We must start taking measures to help the effects of global warming. If we do not start making changes to help the issue that global warming is bringing, we will really start to regret it because we only have one earth and ifRead MoreGlobal Warming: The Release of Greenhouse Gases986 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States government has been denying the truth about global warming. It seems that everyone else has been tagging along as well. It has become a great concern that people aren’t aware of what global warming actually is, and citizens leave it up to politics to decide for them. So, What is Global Warming? There is a process that occurs in our atmosphere called the Greenhouse Effect. The natural release of greenhouse gasses from our planet is done to keep our planet warm. What occurs is theseRead More Exemplification Essay: Why The World Is Doomed1086 Words   |  5 Pagesexplodes to move machinery, and emits a very toxic byproduct called CO2. Carbon is incredibly dangerous to the earths atmosphere, and erodes huge holes in the ozone layer of our earth. This erosion causes global warming and climate change that is permanent and irreversible. The impact of global warming will not only effect generation to come, but present generations as well. Society is within a paradox of this issue. Governments around the world, utilize this black gold as a form of economic strengthRead More`` Happiness Is A Warm Planet `` By Thomas Gale Moore1234 Words   |  5 Pagesis an article concerning global warming. In the article, Moore claims that â€Å"Global warming, if it were to occur, would probably be beneficial to most Americans†. The main points that Moore explains in the article are that everyone will benefit from the rising temperatures, the cost of fighting CO2 emissions cost too much,, and that America will pay the price from third world countries not being able to keep up with new conditions. Essentially, his idea is that global warming would have a positive outcomeRead MoreGlobal Warming Has Caught The Attention Of The World1699 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of global warming have caught the attention of the world; however, a new concern about what steps we are doing to deal with it is being reviewed and sensibly evaluate d. This has generated the idea that a variety of simple more practical ideas should be considered. After conducting my own survey, I found that the approximately 53% are not only worried about global warming, they are also generally uninformed and claim to be unsure about what they believe concerning this crisis. Global warming andRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: The Harmful Reality722 Words   |  3 Pagesweather patterns? Now more carbon dioxide than ever has resulted in global warming. It is a major issue within our environment. Global warming is able to change weather patterns drastically. Temperatures are gradually increasing each year. Sea levels rise at astonishing heights. Even natural disasters are happening more often than not. Global warming is a real threat to our society and must be addressed immediately. Global warming has taken its toll on the earth’s temperature. As time is moving on

The Media And Its Effect On Women - 1472 Words

As 21st century members of the public, people are all fashioned to see things in a certain way, and for the most sense are generally used to seeing situations that are not politically correct or sexist. However cosmetic advertisements will use these situations to their advantage knowing which audience it is directing towards. An ad with a male audience in mind could involve women sexualised and exposing a lot of flesh. It is all-dependent on the cosmetic product and the image the company wishes to project. A handsome man will be used to portray the newest skin product, as a male will be aiming to live up to this standard of beauty. It is not only women aiming to be beautiful but I would mention that the majority of facial products are aimed towards women merely because there is such a vast quantity available. ‘The representation of women in the media has always been exploitative. It has reduced women to being nothing more than objects to be won’ (Berberick 2010:2). The media is filled with advertisements presenting women in provocative ways to gain attention, but as Berberick points out women have been fabricated into these objects through the varied visual images. Although it is not only women being objectified but also men being shown in sexualized ways. Women want to turn men into their fantasy, therefore the visual element is very important. ‘One content analysis of photographs in six male-oriented magazines found that there was a wide range in theShow MoreRelatedMass Media Effects on Women1721 Words   |  7 PagesEng- 100 28, Nov, 2012 Mass media Effects on women Advertisement put adverse impact on women’s these could be internal or external. Internally when women watch ideal or thin images of models in advertisement then they feel very unattractive compare to the models in commercials. They feel lower self-esteem and self-concept in them and it generates anxiety or depression in women. According to article† negative body image is associated with poor self-esteemRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Stereotypes On Women1554 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Leaders and The Effects of Media and Stereotypes Confidence, integrity, purpose, empowerment, determination, and courage. These are some of the many words associated with leadership. Regardless of gender, these words apply to all leaders. It is no longer a question of what women leaders are, but rather why there are not women leaders. Today’s society focuses on fulfilling leadership positions with males, not because females do not have the same skills and knowledge as men, but because peopleRead MoreEffects Of Social Media On Women994 Words   |  4 Pageswith who you are! Statistics show that over 50% of teenage girls are self conscious about their looks. Social Media is negatively affecting confidence in woman and distorting what true beauty really is. Apps like Instagram and Twitter constantly lie to women about what true beauty is. Young Women feel the need to change themselves to cover up their own flaws and insecurities. Social media is feeding girls lies on how they should present themselves. This is not right and needs to stop. Apple has comeRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Women and Its Effects1187 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the century, the ideal image of a woman has changed drastically, which can be directly attributed to the powerful persuasion of media. This ideal image has transformed from a voluptuous, size 14, 1950’s Marilyn Monroe to a 5’9, 100 pound, 1990’s Kate Moss. The most shocking aspect is specifically what young girls are now doing to achieve this â€Å"Kate Moss† image. Through the utilization of advertisements and stars on the big screen, this female portrayal directly targets the physical andRead MoreThe Effect Of Women s Media1517 Words   |  7 Pages Alejandra Mendez December 8, 2015 The Effect of Women Identity in Media Research Question: How does the way that women are portrayed on television commercials and advertisements affect the way women are seen in society? Thesis: Woman portrayed on television commercials are stereotyped, sexualized, and have limited roles which affects the way women are seen in society because they are seen as weak, sexualized objects who are dependent upon men. It is important to establish theRead MoreEffects of Media on Women and Children2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of the Media on Women and Girls Mass media creates unrealistic, unhealthy portrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and shows unnecessary female sexuality and nudity on an immense level. The average woman is misrepresented in the media; this is unhealthy for many women and girls. Studies show viewing sexually objectifying material contributes to eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression and body dissatisfaction. In a 1992 study of female students at Stanford University, 70%Read MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Women961 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society it has been brought to the public’s attention more often than before that women deserve to be treated fairly. It is discussed on social media and has been viewed on television advertisements. The feminine product seller, always, advertised a commercial. A director named Lauren Greenfield asked a group of girls if they have had some kind of setback when trying to accomplish something because they were a girl. All of them said yes an d explained their thoughts. Another advertisementRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Women951 Words   |  4 PagesPositivity Is Beautiful In today’s society it is being brought to the public’s attention more often than before that women deserve to be treated fairly. It is discussed on social media and has been viewed on television advertisements. The feminine product seller, always, advertised a commercial. A director named Lauren Greenfield asked girls if they have had some kind of setback when trying to accomplish something because they were a girl. All of them said yes and explained their thoughts. AnotherRead MoreThe Media Has A Negative Effect On Women1338 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone wants to be beautiful. What is beauty nowadays? Is it flawless skin, long blonde hair, and skinny waist and thighs? This is what beauty is for most women. Beauty is very predominant in a women’s world. People have their own perception of beauty, but we are all heavily influenced by society as well as the media. The things that the media inculcates into our minds are the things that we contemplate very often. E very time we see a celebrity or a model on television or a magazine we want to beRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On Young Girls And Women1673 Words   |  7 Pagesgirls or women walking and they see a huge billboard of a beautiful model. They might stop and stare at her and then discuss about her perfect her body is. Not knowing in the next five minutes they’ll be comparing their bodies to the model and feeling bad about themselves wishing that they had her body. Not to mention, that the photo may be photoshopped to make it seem as her body is perfect, or she had plastic surgery to fit the idea of having the perfect body. The fact that the media thinks they’re

Facility and Risk Management Health and Safety

Question: Discuss about the Facility and Risk Management for Health and Safety . Answer: Risk assessment Risk assessment structure In the view of Holmes (2000), the structural risk assessment and process of evaluation is used for the purpose of determining the risks related to the businesses and companies (Holmes, 2000). The risk management can be construed as the process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating and treating the exposure of loss (Marquette, 2016). The risk management is intended to mitigate the losses and its adverse effects. Risk assessment can be done by discovering and evaluating the risks. Managers look out the underlying potential risks. Many a times they are dependent on the staff members for the same purpose. The unidentified risks can become evident with the change in the internal work procedures and rules and regulations (Hall et al., 2008). The risk management strategy can be deployed only after understanding the prevalent risks. Risk evaluations can be made for the purpose of managing risks (Upton, 2004). The main intention of the risk management is to mitigate the harmful outcomes. The evaluation of risk should be done in a proper manner so as to reduce the detrimental effects. The process of risk management can be significant from the point of view of the risk assessment of the venue analysis of Helensvale Golf Club (Golf Club, 2016). There might be many chronic risks arising at the venue due to not being able to recognize the prevalent risks. Risk assessment of the Helensvale golf club, will be done in the project. This site will be analyzed from the point of view that whether site is safe or not. The risk in terms of physical assets, non-physical assets, financial assets and human assets will be examined (Helensvale community, 2016). There can be following risks arising at the events such as: Risk of crowd management and control Financial risk Risk related to alcohol Risk of communication Risk related to environment Risk of emergency services Risk related to occupational safety and health These are the various risks which can be prevalent at any place. Further risk assessment of the chosen venue will be done. There can mainly be two types of risks which are as follows: Primary risks and consequences: Primary risk is the risk occurring in the day to day life in the venue. The consequences of these risks can be higher. Secondary risks and consequences: Secondary risks occur when primary risk takes place. After the occurring of primary risk, secondary risk occurs as the potential risk. As per the report of Affinity Agency Group, the manager of Golf club should be having knowledge of all the risks prevalent at the venue (Affinity Agency Group, 2016). The safety concern of the Children and adults should be essential at the venue (Hong Kong, 2016). The risks pertaining to the businesses can be legal risk, financial risk, health related risk, and safety risk and other such risks can arise at the venue of Helensvale Golf Club. As per the report of Elliston the good planning should be such that which can mitigate the potential hazards (Elliston, 2016). The risks identified at the Golf Club are related to the adverse working conditions, water hazards, risk of having holes in proximity, hazard of road crossings, risk at slopes, paths and at steps. Apart from that the risks can be prevalent such as golf Buggies, vehicles and hazardous substance (Golf Club, 2016). There is also a risk whilst carrying clubs and using motorized and pull trolleys in the dry and wet conditions. Identification of risk The risk can be identified in the following manner: Figure 1: Risk Management process for Helensvale golf Club and Gold coast Source: (Shaw et al., 2012) The figure 1 given above is showing risk management process through which risk of Helensvale Golf Club can be identified and the measures to control the same can be taken. Risk ranking system The risk assessment measures can be taken for determining the priority. The risk ranking system is for developing the priority of risk (Gulf Australia, 2015). The risk should be prioritized for taking urgent actions for the risks of urgent natures. The risk identified for golf club will be analyzed on the basis of the risk matrix table (Brentwood Golf Club, 2016). The risk ranking is important for the effective risk management. Small risks can take form of large risks in absence of risk ranking concepts. There can be 3 challenges of the risk ranking. First challenge is to determine the priority risk out of too many risks. There can be too many risks for the Helensvale Golf Club such as: Adverse weather conditions which can injure the golfers. These risks may occur because of getting stuck by lighting, getting stuck in debris etc. The risk of holes in close proximity can cause severe consequences. The risk can be due to the bridges from which vehicle can fall. Risk of drowning in swimming pool and the swimmers can slip which can cause injuries The second type of risks is to have so many definitions of the risks. The risks can be measured as the risk magnitude wherein higher risk magnitude will be indicating higher risk and vice versa. The risk ranking begins after the characterization of risks. These risks can have too many possible values creating the risk ranking more complicated (Fischhoff Morgan, 2012). The risk management can be understood from the context of Helensvale Golf Club as follows: Likelihood Table 1: Table showing Likelihood of Risks Level of risk Likelihood of risk Detail description of risk A Almost Certainly The risk is expected to take place in most of the circumstances B Likely There are chances of occurring of risks probably in most circumstances C Possible The probability of occurring of risk at some point of time D Unlikely The possibility of occurring of the risk at some time only E Very Rarely Probability of occurring of risks in exceptional circumstances only (Elliston, 2016) Consequence Table 2: Consequences of risk Level of risk Indicators Detail description of risk 1 Insignificant risk Low impacts on the fittings, furniture, equipments and fittings etc. No risk of safety to contractors, employees and staff members Less impact on the finances of club Image of the business remains intact with the occurring of risk Low cases of injuries 2 Minor risk The issues related to the treatment through providing first aid Halt in the events Less financial loss Release of chemical at the event 3 Moderate/Average risk There is need of medical requirements to the human assets Release of chemical on site, requiring assistance of external team Temporary halt in the events requires the outside assistance High financial losses to business 4 Major risk The possibility of occurring of the risk at some time only Loss of capability of production Extensive injuries Major financial losses to the company 5 Significant risk Death of the visitors or any personnel from the company Release of Toxic elements Halt of production due to the investigation and other processes going on at the workplace Catastrophic financial losses (Elliston, 2016) Risk Ranking Matrix Table 3: Table showing Risk ranking Matrix Consequence Likelihood 1 (Insignificant) 2 (Minor) 3 (Moderate) 4 (Major) 5 (Significant) A (Almost certainly) Moderate High High Extreme Extreme B (Likely) Moderate Moderate High Extreme Extreme C (Possible) Low Moderate Moderate High Extreme D (Unlikely) Low Low Moderate High Extreme E (Very rarely) Low Low Low Moderate High The table 3 given above is showing risk of four types mainly. These risks are extreme risk, high risk, moderate risk and low risk. Extreme risk: Immediate and urgent actions are required to done away with the risks High risk: The need to inform the management regarding the risk and practicing actions for prevention and mitigation of risk Moderate risk: Need of informing the management related to the risk Low risk: There is need of taking follow up of the policies and procedures. In case of change in the potential risk, inform the management. Risk Analysis Venue Findings Comprehensive venue analysis of the venue Helensvale Golf club was done. The risk assessment is attached in the Appendix. Each risk given in the table attached in the appendix was determined on the basis of the likelihood and impact of the risk on the venues. The low risk, high risk, moderate risk and extreme risks were identified from the context of the venues. The priority of the underlying risks is judged as follows: Figure 2: Priority-wise Risk of the Venues The priority risk of the venue is depicted with the help of pie chart shown in the figure 2. The figure is showing that there are 36 percent of risks at the venue which are of extreme level and urgent action is required for the same. The high risks are also having percentage of 28 percent in the Helensvale Golf Club. The medium risks are almost same as the extreme level and medium level risks at the venue. It is 28 percent showing no significant difference as the high risk. The lower risks are found to be just 7 percent. The risks coming under the extreme level risk are having value of 1 and high risks are having value of 2. Value of 3 and 4 is possessed by medium level and lower level risk at the venue. The extreme level risks are related to: risk of falling at steep sides, slipping on the wet surfaces, risk of drowning and catching diseases in the swimming pool, risk of Injuries, bruises and fractures due to slipping at the staircase, and risk of falling at steep sides. The high le vel risk are risk of golfer being in range but out of sight, risk of holes in close proximity of Golf club, risk of Injuries, bruises and fractures due to slipping at the path, and risk of injury to drivers as a result of collision of vehicles. The risk falling in category of medium level risk are Risk of being hit by the golf ball or vehicle of maintenance, the risk of being struck by the car specifically at the place where road crosses the course, risk of being hit by the moving vehicles and objects and ingestion of the hazardous substance. The lower level risk includes the risk of users of golf buggies because of overturning of vehicles when driving on the slopes. Conclusion Recommendations After the analysis of the risk factors regarding the venue, here are some recommendations to overcome the detrimental effects that may occur due to the carelessness. Safety measures to be recommended for venue Helensvale are as follows: As the weather conditions changes drastically over the place, therefore, it is recommended that golfers should always carry safety measures along with them and be attentive to avoid golfing in adverse weather conditions. There should be guards to instruct people about the weather conditions and to make them aware about the safety measures to be adopted in bad weather. There is risk of holes in the close proximity, therefore, one should take a lot of care while riding, golfing or walking and should go out during day only(Matterhorn, 2016). There should be sign-boards on the paths where there are so many pits and holes to indicate and instruct the people not to go towards that way. There are bridges also and they are risky too, so one is advised to drive carefully over there. There should be proper facility of electricity poles so that people can drive in proper way over the bridges and prevented from being injured. It is being advised that one should always swim in the presence of a partner and children in the presence of their guardian to avoid mishaps in the swimming pools. Availability of expert coaches and experienced swimmers should be there to avoid any kind of accidents(Hamptongolf, 2016). People are recommended to keep first-aid box along with them while going outside. There should be proper first-aid facility provided to the injured persons and proper medical facilities to take care of the ill persons. The most important recommendation is to keep all the medical facilities available for children and aged persons in case they get ill. There are medium and steep slopes throughout the courses which must be treated with the care particularly during the wet conditions. Therefore, all the golfers should ensure that they must have the golf shoes which are suitable and adequate for the weather conditions and the ground. advisable that the court should have a smooth and slip resistant playing surface that is free of tripping hazards. The staff of the golf club should prohibit the activities which is unauthorized on the courts to avoid the injuries. It is being advised for the staff of the golf club to monitor the accident investigation and inspection reports and ask the employees to offer some ideas for the improvement in the control measures. The club should ensure that the personal protective equipment are correctly used and maintained in accordance with the standards. The safe work procedure should be readily available near to the site. It is recommended to ensure that all the working staff receives the appropriate training in the safe work and emergency procedures to control the measures related to the hazardous issues. It is advisable to use the supervised recreational facilities and equipments. Rules and regulations should be provided for each activity so that it ensures the safe behavior and prohibits the dangerous activities like equipment abuse and horseplay. The automated ball throwing equipment should have the device alerting signals before ejecting the ball, so that the players do not get hurt from the ball. It is being advised that the court should be properly fenced and enclosed with the access of lockable gates. All the recommendations should be followed by the venue as a risk management plan. References Affinity Agency Group, 2016. Swimming Pool Safety: The Most Important Responsibility In Your Clubhouse. [Online] Available at: https://www.affinityagencygroup.com/club-hospitality-risk-management-affinity-blog/ [Accessed 2016]. Brentwood Golf Club, 2016. Health and Safety Course Risk Assessment. Brentwood Golf Club. Capetown, 2016. Beach safety tips. [Online] Available at: https://www.capetown.gov.za/EN/ENVIRONMENTALRESOURCEMANAGEMENT/TIPS/Pages/BeachSafetyTips.aspx [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Elliston, 2016. Event Safety Risk Assessment And Event Management Plan. The District Council of Elliston. Fischhoff, B. Morgan, G., 2012. The Science and Practice of Risk Ranking. Carnegie Mellon University. Gold Coast, 2016. Places to see. [Online] Available at: https://www.visitgoldcoast.com/places-to-see [Accessed 2016]. Golf Club, 2016. Golf Course Risk assessment. Golf Club. Gulf Australia, 2015. Risk Management Safety. Gulf Australia. Hall, S., Marciani, L., Cooper, W.E. Rolen, R., 2008. Introducing a Risk Assessment Model for Sport Venues. The Sport Journal, 10(2). Hamptongolf, 2016. Safety Measures. [Online] Available at: https://www.hamptongolf.ca/safety-measures.html [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Helensvale community, 2016. History. [Online] Available at: https://helensvalecommunitygolfclub.com.au/history/ [Accessed 2016]. Holmes, W.T., 2000. Risk Assessment and Retrofit of Existing Buildings. IITK. Hong Kong, 2016. Chapter 4 : Recreation, Open Space and Greening. Planning department. LTL, 2016. Risk Benefit Analysis Form. Learning Through Landscapes. Marquette, 2016. What is Risk Management? [Online] Available at: https://www.marquette.edu/riskunit/riskmanagement/whatis.shtml [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Matterhorn, L.v., 2016. Safety on the Golf Course. [Online] Available at: https://golftips.golfsmith.com/safety-golf-course-2463.html [Accessed 2016]. Redcross, 2016. Beach Safety. [Online] Available at: https://www.redcross.org/prepare/disaster/water-safety/beach-safety [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Shaw, G., Saayman, M. Saayman, A., 2012. Identifying risks facing the South African tourism industry. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 15(2). Surflifesaving, 2016. Beach Safety. [Online] Available at: https://www.surflifesaving.com.au/beach-safety [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Upton, M., 2004. Risk Analysis of Major concert Events. Safe Concerts.

Skills Needed with the New Public Agency Trends free essay sample

This paper describes the major trends that affect public agencies and outlines skills and competencies needed by public managers. The author lists many new trends in public agency management. The paper states that managers of public agencies must learn new skills. The paper continues that the talented manager continues to learn by attending educational opportunities outside and inside the organization. The author lists ways to be a career activist. The paper also reviews the principle of effectiveness, teamwork and the mission. These new trends will have an affect upon the employment world. New skills will be needed. The talented manager will not sit and wait to be asked to learn new skills, but will be preparing for the changes that will be happening in the company. The talented manager will be growing outside of the organization as well as inside the organization by taking classes, seminars, workshops, and other educational programs to keep him/her as a valued member of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Needed with the New Public Agency Trends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Theory And Method Essay Final

Theory And Method Essay Final Theory And Method Essay Final Catherine Scott AFE1108-Theory and method in language study. When thinking about the question ‘What is Language’ it is imperative to consider many important factors which could determine an answer to such a broad statement. There are three main concepts which give an insight into what language actually is; it is most commonly seen as a kind of behaviour, a state of mind and a means of communication. Noam Chomsky a behaviourist of linguistics has studied the way in which our minds nurture language and argues that language is in the mind. We must already be aware of language before we learn sentences and word meanings for example if someone told one about a blue house one would presume this was in reference to the outside of the house as this is the natural thought process â€Å"One of the fundamental aspects of human language, according to Chomsky, is its creative nature† Stark 1998 which suggests that we can create and develop language through our own interpretation and knowledge systems and social contexts. There is more t o language than simply the words we speak. In her book ‘Thinking about language’ Chapman 2006 highlights areas of the question â€Å"What is language† by looking at different theorists approaches to the concept of language. This essay will consider the three factors mentioned about what language is. My own interpretation is that language is a vital part of everyday life used for many means of communication between humans and possibly other species and cultures; however this essay will focus mainly on the English language. Without interaction through different forms of language there would be no way of developing ideas and moving forward throughout history as there would have been a continuous breakdown in communication. Language is a far broader concept than simply the words which we speak or write down, evidence shows that even in times when there was no recorded language with structure or grammar there was still a level of communication between the species for example Cavemen. The communication used by Cavemen was drawings which have been found over time and shows that although there was no linguistic development a type of language was still evident. â€Å"Scientists who have been trawling through the DNA, found in Neanderthal bones have discovered that the now extinct species had a â€Å"language gene† that is only found in modern humans.†Gray 2007, these points raised by Gray justify that there may have been a coded communication between the cavemen possibly even a language. On the other hand any coded form of communication may be a language. Other examples of where language is not just words and writing is something such as Egyptian hieroglyphics and Morse code. Behaviourists such as Noam Chomsky suggest â€Å"The term ‘language’ is often used in quite a different way, referring not to some specific biologically determined system, but rather to any mode of communication or mode of expression, in some very general sense.† Chomsky 1983. Although there is no lexicon used between the cavemen they would have used a stimulus and responded to each other’s needs in their own way which is a form of communicating language. It could be suggested that language is a type of behaviour as there are examples from different theorists which imply this. For example â€Å"Language is people talking and writing. It is a concrete, tangible aspect of human behaviour.† Sampson 2001. His argument that language is a type of behaviour is brought about through an empirical scientific method meaning it is based on knowledge and taken from someone’s experience in that subject area. Sampson’s process for looking at language as a type of behaviour involved the steps of looking, listening, producing hypotheses, predicting the outcome using evidence and testing the hypotheses. Furthermore he suggested we must develop new or adapted hypotheses and test these against observable behaviour. The example used by Chapman 2006, is that if a person is hungry they

Olmec Religion - the First Mesoamerican Civilization

Olmec Religion - the First Mesoamerican Civilization The Olmec civilization (1200-400 B.C.) was the first major Mesoamerican culture and laid the foundation for several later civilizations. Many aspects of Olmec culture remain a mystery, which is not surprising considering how long ago their society went into decline. Nevertheless, archaeologists have been able to make surprising progress in learning about the religion of the ancient Olmec people. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture lasted roughly from 1200 B.C. to 400 B.C. and flourished along Mexicos Gulf coast. The Olmec built major cities at San Lorenzo and La Venta, in the present day states of Veracruz and Tabasco respectively. The Olmec were farmers, warriors and traders, and the few clues they left behind indicate a rich culture. Their civilization collapsed by 400 A. D. - archaeologists are unsure as to why - but several later cultures, including the Aztec and the Maya, were profoundly influenced by the Olmec. The Continuity Hypothesis Archaeologists have struggled to put together the few clues that remain today from the Olmec culture which vanished well over 2,000 years ago. Facts about the ancient Olmec are hard to come by. Modern researchers must use three sources for information on the religion of ancient Mesoamerican cultures: Analysis of relics including sculpture, buildings and ancient texts when availableEarly Spanish reports of religious and cultural practicesEthnographic studies of modern-day traditional religious practices in certain communities Experts who have studied the Aztecs, Maya and other ancient Mesoamerican religions have come to an interesting conclusion: these religions share certain characteristics, indicating a much older, foundational system of belief. Peter Joralemon proposed the Continuity Hypothesis to fill in the gaps left by incomplete records and studies. According to Joralemon there is a basic religious system common to all Mesoamerican peoples. This system took shape long before it was given monumental expression in Olmec art and survived long after the Spanish conquered the New Worlds major political and religious centers. (Joralemon quoted in Diehl, 98). In other words, other cultures can fill in the blanks in regards to Olmec society. One example is the Popol Vuh. Although it is normally associated with the Maya, there are nevertheless many instances of Olmec art and sculpture that seemingly show images or scenes from the Popol Vuh. One instance is the nearly identical statues of the Hero Twins at t he Azuzul archaeological site. The Five Aspects of Olmec Religion Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements associated with Olmec Religion. These include: A cosmos which identifies the socio-cultural context within which Gods and man interactedDivine beings and gods who controlled the universe and interacted with menA shaman or priest class who acted as intermediaries between the common Olmec people and their gods and spiritsRituals enacted by shamans and/or rulers that reinforced the concepts of the cosmosSacred sites, both natural and man-made Olmec Cosmology Like many early Mesoamerican cultures, the Olmec believed in three tiers of existence: the physical realm they inhabited, an underworld and a sky realm, home of most of the gods. Their world was bound together by the four cardinal points and natural boundaries such as rivers, the ocean and mountains. The most important aspect of Olmec life was agriculture, so it is no surprise that the Olmec agricultural/fertility cult, gods and rituals were extremely important. The rulers and kings of the Olmec had an important role to play as intermediaries between the realms, although it is unknown exactly what relationship to their gods they claimed. Olmec Deities The Olmec had several deities whose images repeatedly appear in surviving sculptures, stonecarvings and other artistic forms. Their names have been lost to time, but archaeologists identify them by their characteristics. No fewer than eight regularly-appearing Olmec deities have been identified. These are the designations given to them by Joralemon: The Olmec DragonThe Bird MonsterThe Fish MonsterThe Banded-eye GodThe Maize GodThe Water GodThe Were-jaguarThe Feathered Serpent Most of these gods would later figure prominently in other cultures, such as the Maya. Currently, there is insufficient information about the roles these gods played in Olmec society or specifically how each was worshiped. Olmec Sacred Places The Olmecs considered certain man-made and natural places sacred. Man-made places included temples, plazas and ball courts and natural places included springs, caves, mountaintops and rivers. No building easily identifiable as an Olmec temple has been discovered; nevertheless, there are many raised platforms which probably served as bases upon which temples were built of some perishable material such as wood. Complex A at La Venta archaeological site is commonly accepted as a religious complex. Although the only ballcourt identified at an Olmec site comes from the post-Olmec era at San Lorenzo, there is nevertheless much evidence that the Olmecs played the game, including carved likenesses of players and preserved rubber balls found at the El Manatà ­ site. The Olmec venerated natural sites as well. El Manatà ­ is a bog where offerings were left by the Olmecs, probably those who lived at San Lorenzo. Offerings included wooden carvings, rubber balls, figurines, knives, axes and more. Although caves are rare in the Olmec region, some of their carvings indicate a reverence for them: in some stonecarvings the cave is the mouth of the Olmec Dragon. Caves in Guerrero state have paintings inside which are associated with the Olmec. Like many ancient cultures, the Olmecs venerated mountains: an Olmec sculpture was found close to the summit of the San Martà ­n Pajapan Volcano, and many archaeologists believe that man-made hills at sites such as La Venta are meant to represent sacred mountains for rituals. Olmec Shamans There is strong evidence that the Olmec had a shaman class in their society. Later Mesoamerican cultures which derived from the Olmec had full-time priests who acted as intermediaries between the common people and the divine. There are sculptures of shamans apparently transforming from humans into were-jaguars. Bones of toads with hallucinogenic properties have been found at Olmec sites: the mind-altering drugs were presumably used by shamans. The rulers of Olmec cities probably served as shamans as well: rulers were likely considered to have a special relationship with the gods and many of their ceremonial functions were religious. Sharp objects, such as stingray spines, have been found at Olmec sites and were most likely used in sacrificial bloodletting rituals. Olmec Religious Rituals and Ceremonies Of Diehls five foundations of Olmec religion, the rituals are the least known to modern researchers. The presence of ceremonial objects, such as stingray spines for bloodletting, indicate that there were, indeed, important rituals, but any details of said ceremonies have been lost to time. Human bones - particularly of infants - have been found at some sites, suggesting human sacrifice, which was later important among the Maya, Aztec and other cultures. The presence of rubber balls indicates that the Olmec played this game. Later cultures would assign a religious and ceremonial context to the game, and it is reasonable to suspect that the Olmec did as well. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008Cyphers, Ann. Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 36-42.Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.Gonzalez Lauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A, La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 49-54.Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35.Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Issues that Impacts on Human Resource Management Term Paper

Issues that Impacts on Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example Political factors can have a major bearing upon a business organization to efficiently coordinate its number of vital operations. Political disturbances and imbalances, along with strict governmental regulations can also impact the HRM functions of Foster’s by a considerable extent to efficiently manage its business operations in Australia (Oxford University Press 2007). In relation to identifying the major issue within the dimension of the political factor that can impact the HRM performances, it is apparent that Foster’s can face challenges concerning the country’s human resource policies relating to wage structure, compensation policies and working hours among others. Moreover, the changing governmental regulations can also create an impact on the organization to efficiently perform its HRM policies and practices within Australia. However, the present democratic and political stability of Australia is significantly influencing foreign marketers to efficiently operate their range of business activities. Consequently, effective and well-built HR regulations of the country apparently provide opportunities for the modern organizations to comply with their existing HRM functions within the nation (National Sothertons Group Pty Ltd 2010). The economic factors as a part of the PESTLE analysis refer to the various aspects related to economic stability of the host or operational country such as interest rates portfolio, taxation programs, exchange and inflation rates, economic growth according to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rates and other economic constraints (Chernev & Kotler 2008). In accordance with the economic condition of Australia, it is recognized that the country has been achieving its continuous economic development through its range of governmental and non-governmental business industries. Moreover, the country is also witnessing continuous growth in terms of its employment rate which has been identified to be quite strong as it recorded a growth of 1.2% in between the period of February 2012 to February 2013 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013).

Connection Between Substance Abuse and Crime Research Paper

Connection Between Substance Abuse and Crime - Research Paper Example Most importantly, however, is the fact that; when the net is cast widely, then it will trap everybody since if it is not addicted to alcohol and drug abuse, then, it is the resultant violence and crime associated with alcohol and substances abuse. Therefore, the interest in analyzing the subject of Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime is derived from the fact that it is a social problem that has refused to go away for the longest time. Further, the need to study this subject emanates from the fact that it is a problem for all, and since everybody is affected by this subject, it important to engage it widely, since the existing laws and policy regulation framework does not seem to be effective in addressing the problem, creating a need to engage alternative means of addressing the problem. However, while substance abuse, alcohol, and crime is a serious menace for the nation, the specific area where the issue needs to be addressed is in the issue of alcohol and substance use by teens and young people, which results to juvenile crimes, while also affecting every aspect of their lives, such as their personal health, education, safety and security, relationships and addition (Musto, 1999). Nevertheless, the major risk is the connection that exists between alcohol or substance abuse and crime. The legal risks emanating from alcohol consumption and substance abuse by young people is high, and the chances of destroying the whole life ahead of the young people are high. The legal and policy framework in relation to the subject of substance abuse, alcohol, and crime is not favorable for deterring the access of alcohol and substances, and their consequent illegal use. The legal and regulatory framework has illegalized the possession, production, and distribution of drugs and sub stances, while the actual problem is not licensing, but the fact that such drugs and substances are available and accessible for use (NCADD, 2013).

Trends in Hiv Prevalence Essay Example for Free

Trends in Hiv Prevalence Essay ABSTRACT HIV prevalence in the world is becoming increasingly high. As of mid-1998, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unequally around the world. In many cities in sub-Saharan African countries more than a quarter of young and middle-aged adults are infected with HIV, whereas in most developed countries, the number of annual AIDS cases continues to decrease. The status and of HIV epidemics in most other areas of the world remains uncertain because of inadequate data on the prevalence of HIV-risk behaviours. Hence, this paper presentation seeks to examine the trends of HIV prevalence across the world taking all the continents into consideration. INTRODUCTION HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a lentivirus, and like all viruses of this type, it attacks the immune system. Lentiviruses are in turn part of a larger group of viruses known as retroviruses. The name lentivirus literally means slow virus because they take such a long time to produce any adverse effects in the body. They have been found in a number of different animals, including cats, sheep, horses and cattle. However, the most interesting lentivirus in terms of the investigation into the origins of HIV is the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that affects monkeys, which is believed to be at least 32,000 years old. It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendant of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus because certain strains of SIVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two types of HIV. HIV-2 for example corresponds to SIVsm, a strain of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus found in the sooty mangabey (also known as the White-collared monkey), which is indigenous to western Africa. The more virulent, pandemic strain of HIV, namely HIV-1, was until recently more difficult to place. Until 1999, the closest counterpart that had been identified was SIVcpz, the SIV found in chimpanzees. However, this virus still had certain significant differences from HIV There are a number of factors that may have contributed to the sudden spread of HIV, most of which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century and these includes: * Blood Transfusion * Drug Use * Mother-to-Child Transfusion ORIGIN OF HIV The origin of AIDS and HIV has puzzled scientists ever since the illness first came to light in the early 1980s. For over twenty years it has been the subject of fierce debate and the cause of countless arguments, with everything from a promiscuous flight attendant to a suspect vaccine programme being blamed. The first recognized case of AIDS occurred in the USA in the early 1980s. A number of gay men in New York and California suddenly began to develop rare opportunistic infections and cancers that seemed stubbornly resistant to any treatment. At this time, AIDS did not yet have a name, but it quickly became obvious that all the men were suffering from a common syndrome. The discovery of HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, was made soon after. While some were initially resistant to acknowledge the connection (and indeed some remain so today), there is now clear evidence to prove that HIV causes AIDS. So, in order to find the source of AIDS, it is necessary to look for the origin of HIV, and find out how, when and where HIV first began to cause disease in humans. In February 1999 a group of researchers from the University of Alabama announced that they had found a type of SIVcpz that was almost identical to HIV-1. This particular strain was identified in a frozen sample taken from a captive member of the sub-group of chimpanzees known as Pan Troglodytes (P. t. troglodytes), which were once common in west-central Africa. The researchers (led by Paul Sharp of Nottingham University and Beatrice Hahn of the University of Alabama) made the discovery during the course of a 10-year long study into the origins of the virus. They claimed that this sample proved that chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans. Their final findings were published two years later in Nature magazine. In this article, they concluded that wild chimps had been infected simultaneously with two different simian immunodeficiency viruses which had viral sex to form a third virus that could be passed on to other chimps and, more significantly, was capable of infecting humans and causing AIDS. These two different viruses were traced back to a SIV that infected red-capped mangabeys and one found in greater spot-nosed monkeys. They believe that the hybridisation took place inside chimps that had become infected with both strains of SIV after they hunted and killed the two smaller species of monkey. They also concluded that all three groups of HIV-1 namely Group M, N and O (see our strains and subtypes page for more information on these) came from the SIV found in P. t. troglodytes, and that each group represented a separate crossover event from chimps to humans. It has been known for a long time that certain viruses can pass between species. Indeed, the very fact that chimpanzees obtained SIV from two other species of primate shows just how easily this crossover can occur. As animals ourselves, we are just as susceptible. When a viral transfer between animals and humans takes place, it is known as zoonosis. The most commonly accepted theory on how zoonosis took place, and how SIV became HIV in humans is that of the hunter. In this scenario, SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter. Normally the hunters body would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions it adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1. The fact that there were several different early strains of HIV, each with a slightly different genetic make-up (the most common of which was HIV-1 group M), would support this theory: every time it passed from a chimpanzee to a man, it would have developed in a slightly different way within his body, and thus produced a slightly different strain. An article published in The Lancet in 20044 , also shows how retroviral transfer from primates to hunters is still occurring even today. In a sample of 1099 individuals in Cameroon, they discovered ten (1%) were infected with SFV (Simian Foamy Virus), an illness which, like SIV, was previously thought only to infect primates. All these infections were believed to have been acquired through the butchering and consumption of monkey and ape meat. Discoveries such as this have led to calls for an outright ban on bush meat hunting to prevent simian viruses being passed to humans. Others theories include: * The oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory * The contaminated needle theory * The colonialism theory * The conspiracy theory Four of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are as follows: * A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. * A lymph node sample taken in 1960 from an adult female, also from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. * HIV found in tissue samples from an American teenager who died in St. Louis in 1969. A 1998 analysis of the plasma sample from 1959 suggested that HIV-1 was introduced into humans around the 1940s or the early 1950s.   In January 2000, the results of a new study16 suggested that the first case of HIV-1 infection occurred around 1931 in West Africa. This estimate (which had a 15 year margin of error) was based on a complex computer model of HIVs evolution. However, a study in 200817 dated the origin of HIV to between 1884 and 1924, much earlier than previous estimates. The researchers compared the viral sequence from 1959 (the oldest known HIV-1 specimen) to the newly discovered sequence from 1960. They found a significant genetic difference between them, demonstrating diversification of HIV-1 occurred long before the AIDS pandemic was recognised. The authors suggest a long history of the virus in Africa and call Kinshasa the â€Å"epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic† in Central Africa. They propose the early spread of HIV was concurrent with the development of colonial cities, in which crowding of people increased opportunities for HIV transmission. If accurate, these findings imply that HIV existed before many scenarios (such as the OPV and conspiracy theories) suggest. Until recently, the origins of the HIV-2 virus had remained relatively unexplored. HIV-2 is thought to come from the SIV in Sooty Mangabeys rather than chimpanzees, but the crossover to humans is believed to have happened in a similar way (i.e. through the butchering and consumption of monkey meat). It is far rarer, significantly less infectious and progresses more slowly to AIDS than HIV-1. As a result, it infects far fewer people, and is mainly confined to a few countries in West Africa. In May 2003, a group of Belgian researchers published a report18 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. By analysing samples of the two different subtypes of HIV-2 (A and B) taken from infected individuals and SIV samples taken from sooty mangabeys, Dr Vandamme concluded that subtype A had passed into humans around 1940 and subtype B in 1945 (plus or minus 16 years or so). Her team of researchers also discovered that the virus had originated in Guinea-Bissau and that its spread was most likely precipitated by the independence war that took place in the country between 1963 and 1974 (Guinea-Bissau is a former Portuguese colony). Her theory was backed up by the fact that the first European cases of HIV-2 were discovered among Portuguese veterans of the war, many of whom had received blood transfusions or unsterile injections following injury, or had possibly had relationships with local women. TRENDS IN HIV PREVALENCE Since 2001, MEASURE Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have included HIV testing in 31 countries. In 13 of these countries testing has been included in two surveys, which provides an opportunity to examine trends. However, trend data must be viewed with caution, as only some changes are statistically significant. Trends in HIV Prevalence In the charts below, changes in HIV prevalence that are statistically significant are marked with an asterisk and a star.   While it may appear that HIV prevalence has decreased in most countries, these decreases are only statistically significant in the Dominican Republic, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. This means that in these countries, the change is large enough that it is unlikely that the decrease is due to chance alone; it probably represents true change in the HIV prevalence in the population. In some countries, such as Tanzania, the decrease is statistically significant for the population as a whole, and for men, but not for women. In Cameroon, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe, HIV prevalence has decreased among both women and men. DHS surveys have not detected any change in HIV prevalence in Mali, Senegal, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Lesotho, or Zambia. What does this mean? Because HIV prevalence is a measure of all HIV infections in a population, a decrease in HIV prevalence could indicate that fewer people are becoming infected, and/or that more people with HIV have died in a population. Similarly, an increase in HIV prevalence could point to more new infections, and/or could indicate an increase in HIV-positive individuals living longer on anti-retroviral therapy. TRENDS IN HIV PREVALENCE IN ASIA PACIFIC REGION With over 60 percent if the worlds population, the Asia-Pacific Region presents a wide diversity of HIV-related risk environments, in terms of behavioural, political and cultural factors. Within the framework of this diversity, there has also been a wide range of HIV epidemics and responses, both across and within countries. It is not therefore possible to present a simple analysis of the actual and potential occurrence of HIV infection in this vast region. Our understanding of the HIV epidemic and its determinants in the Asia-Pacific Region has improved substantially over the past 3-5 years, as a number of countries have implemented comprehensive surveillance systems for HIV prevalence, and sexual and injecting risk behaviours. Despite these advances, a number of countries still have a limited capacity to assess the occurrence of HIV infection and related behaviours, and to monitor the impact of interventions. A recent factor of importance in the Asia-Pacific environment has been the economic tumult of the past year. While various predictions have been made of the potential impact on the HIV epidemic, it is not possible to state with any certainty whether their net effect will be to increase or decrease the incidence of risk behaviour or HIV transmission. Since extensive HIV transmission has been a very recent phenomenon in a number of Asia-Pacific countries, there has so far been little experience with the care and support of people with HIV-related illness. Apart from Australia, Thailand and Japan, few countries have a healthcare workforce, which is adequately prepared to care for substantial numbers of people developing HIV-related illness. Without simplifying too much, it is possible to classify the differing patterns of HIV transmission into broad categories, based on available surveillance data. In Australia and New Zealand, the virtually all HIV transmission has been through sex between men, and the incidence of transmission via this route has long been recognized as having declined substantially in the 1980s. In a few countries, such as Thailand, Cambodia and parts of Myanmar and India, heterosexual transmission has been extensive, mediated through large-scale sex industries but extending now to the regular partners of sex workers male clients. Some countries have HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDU) with limited associated heterosexual transmission. These include countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and some areas of India and China. Other countries have limited, but well documented spread of HIV infections, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, and South Korea. Several countries have not reported substantial numbers of HIV infection, but do not appear to have comprehensive, ongoing surveillance systems. Papua New Guinea, Pakistan and Bangladesh are countries which may have a substantial risk environment, and need to strengthen their surveillance activities. The analysis of HIV epidemic trends in the region becomes more meaningful when a focus is placed on populations whose cultural and social affinity and networks transcend geopolitical borders. A new geography of HIV/AIDS in the region then emerges that helps recognize the foci of intense HIV spread. These include large metropolitan areas in western and southern India (Mumbai, Chinnai); the India/Nepal border area; the larger Golden Triangle, which reaches out to northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar, but also encompasses the areas of Manipur in India and Yunnan in China; and the Mekong delta area, which includes Cambodia and southern Vietnam. To gain better understanding of the dynamics of HIV epidemics, factors of affinity between populations as well as mobility patterns must be explored and mapped out.

OCCUPATIONAL BACK INJURIES DURING MANUAL HANDLING OF MATERIAL Essay

INDEX PAGE INTRODUCTION  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 ERGONOMICS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 RESULTS OF ERGONOMIC APPLICATIONS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 THE BACK STRUTURE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 BACK AND BACK PROBLEMS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 Back injuries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 Causes of back injuries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 The following are common causes of back injuries:–  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 Back injury prevention  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Back injury-preventative techniques  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Techniques  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 Strategies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 ORIGINAL LIFTING MODEL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 Strain index (SI) =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 Action limit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 Maximum permissible limit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 Administrative controls  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Engineering controls  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Limitations of the NIOSH lifting model  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 LEGISLATIVE TRENDS: STANDARDS, GUIDELINES AND INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 CONCLUSION  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 APENDIX 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15 REFERENCES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 OCCUPATIONAL BACK INJURIES DURING MANUAL HANDLING OF MATERIAL INTRODUCTION Almost one third of all disabling injuries at work, temporary or permanent are related to manual handling of objects. Many of these incidents are avoidable and are the consequence of inadequate or simplistic bio-mechanical task analysis. Injuries associated with manual materials handling have grown substantially and are currently estimated to exceed several billion dollars annually in the USA. In addition to the compensation costs are the tremendous costs associated with the suffering of the impaired workers. Manual material handling injuries can result from lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling or carrying objects while performing activities . Some of the most traumatic and costly manual material handling injuries impact on the back, more specifically the lower back has been the area of concern in most studies examining the low back pain associated with manual material handling. Lifting, handling and dragging loads involve a good deal of static effort, enough to classify as h... ... are not included.5 LEGISLATIVE TRENDS: STANDARDS, GUIDELINES AND INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES Ever since the 19th century, government bodies in the developed nations have attempted, for social as well as economic reasons, to influence the way industry runs itself. Industries now have to comply with regulations, which limit worker exposure to the health - threatening aspects of their job. The requirement for good working conditions is not a new one. The Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970 requires all employees to â€Å"provide their employees with a workplace free from recognised serious hazards† irrespective of whether these hazards are covered by specific standards. If poor ergonomics constitutes a hazard, then employers are required to act. Ergonomic Safety and Health Management Rules specify what constitutes an â€Å"ergonomic hazard† and what actions to take to remove the hazard. The rules assist employers in complying with already existing legislation.4 CONCLUSION Through compliance with legislative trends, understanding of the back structure, and Health and Safety training programmes, the universal prevalence of occupational back injuries can be reduced and even prevented.

Nu Shu – The Women’s Writing of China

Nu Shu, also known as the women's writing of China, was a major part of Chinese women's lives throughout the 20th century. Unlike any other writing, it is the only known hidden written language. Women used Nu Shu as a way to escape from the oppressive outside world and enter into a peaceful state of mind. Life was hard enough for women; it's scary to think how hard Nu Shu was probably the most commonly valued thing for women in China during this time period. It was valued so much because it was used to share women's miseries. China was ruled by men, and women were nothing more than ousewives and sometime field workers. What made it so special was that only women knew about it. It was a written language expressed by songs and stories. Any other language besides Chinese was forbidden by Emperors. Women couldn't use any form of education, so it had to be formed in secret. Having been something only women knew, it was an easy way for them to express their hardships and sufferings. Every woman at that time was going through the same thing, so it was seen as the easiest way for women to let out their feelings. Males dominated society completely, and Nu Shu was the nly true form of power that women had. If it had been leaked to the public, not only would it have been banned, but many women would have been sent to jail and killed if found using it. Women were beaten and abused to the point where a good day in marriage was a day you cried. Marriages were always arranged, and many women didn't even have feelings towards their husbands. They had to put up with the abuse and couldn't complain. At any point in time, a man could tell his wife what to do and when to do it. Women had no say in the government, their marriage, and in everyday society. The only time they could speak freely was when writing in Nu Shu. Their only audience willing to listen was other women, and Nu Shu was the only way to get in touch with other women without anyone finding out. Whether or not Nu Shu was good or bad is often debated. I happen to think it was good for many reasons. Women weren't educated in any way. Nu Shu was the closest thing they had to education. With education comes power, and that was exactly what women needed. In a time when men ruled society, power is everything. While it wasn't power that everyone recognized, it helped women have better mindsets. In a way, it was creating a more equal society for these women. Equal was definitely something the Chinese culture wasn't centered around, but it was something all women strived for one day. It was often believed that Nu Shu taught women to accept their suffering, but I actually think it was the opposite. No women would ever accept that feet binding were okay, or that the beatings from their husbands should be allowed. Instead, they learned how to cope with these struggles. Knowing how to handle yourself in bad times is a very good quality to have. When thrown a curveball in life, instead of sulking about t, the better thing to do is to take a step back and learn how to deal with it. I think that is something people in Western society do well and in the long run made the Chinese women stronger. Unfortunately, the last living person proficient in Nu Shu died several years ago. I think it's a shame that Nu Shu is closer to being extinct. While the actual writing itself may have no significance to anyone in today's world, I think a great lesson can be learned from it. It's fascinating how long women were successful in keeping it a secret, and overall made the Chinese women stronger people.

How the Hashatg trend changes TV

The coffee machine In the office used to be the place where people gathered to talk about the TV shows they had watched the night before. Nowadays watching television Isn't Just about enjoying your favorite program on the sofa. 95% of the public social conversation around Film and Television happens on Twitter and other social networks. People exchange with other fans and viewers, share their opinions and engage with each other via Twitter, Mainstream, Faceable and co.Studies have shown that especially the younger audience watches television with two eyes on the screen and a third on the smartened or computer. This â€Å"second-screen-trend† has started a new movement of advertising, targeting specifically this younger audiences and open up a whole new market of advertising on Television. Many brands have already connected their Twitter accounts with TV advertising, using washrags. This leads us to the question: How does the washrag-trend change marketing and advertising In th e TV and Media landscape?In this essay I will discuss the use of washrags as a marketing tool In the film and television Industry and how this new trend might Impact on my future career goals as a writer In the television Industry. One might catch himself asking, â€Å"What an earth is a washrag? â€Å". The washrag symbol (#) is mainly found on social networks like Twitter, Mainstream and Pinsetters and quite recently Faceable joined the circle of washrag users. A washrag symbol is used to unite specific tweets, photos, posts etc. About particular topics.It's a way of organizing or grouping those posts. Washrags can help users on Twitter and Mainstream to find topics that are similar to their own posts or interests. However, the Washrag is also a very economical but effective marketing tool. The marketers of big rims and companies can track the washrag routine of social network users undo create trends to boost their own companies. The washrag makes it possible for them to resear ch popular trends on Twitter and how many messages were sent regarding a specific washrag wealth a particular time frame.It can also be used to boost your visibility on social networks. If enough Individuals promote a washrag It will â€Å"trend† and attract more social network users. Ever since 2010 the most popular washrags at any given moment have been displayed on the front page of Twitter as â€Å"Trending Topics†. Simply put, washrags are a great way to organize Tweets, posts and photos but it is also very beneficial way of advertising a company, show or new products.Furthermore, television networks have been quick to notice the power of the washrag by displaying it in the bottom corner of the screen during a show or putting it in the end of a commercial. These types of washrags are called â€Å"branded washrags† as opposed to â€Å"organic washrags† which are started by fans or non – professional twitter users. Branded washrags can, for inst ance, serve as a tool of creating hype around an upcoming episode of a TV show, event or film and stir up a conversation between fans. Then, the washrag Is usually the name of the program or the topic that Is discussed.It seems as if the washrag had been around forever, however Twitter joined the clan quite recently in 2013. But even though the Washrag is a fairly new trend it has already completely changed the way TV shows and Films are advertised. Only a couple of years ago, a new show or a new movie would be mainly promoted by the star of the film, by attending red carpet events or making an appearance on a popular talk show to spread the word about their newest movie. Professionally made posters and trailers could be seen on television or your local bus stop.Whilst those techniques are still used, the posters or the trailers would now feature a little washrag symbol in the corner. Of course, a famous actor can still promote a new movie, but generally speaking, the marketing nowa days happens on Twitter and social networks, where fans are spreading the word of a new film or TV show by using the washrag. This has opened up a way to connect Television and social media and overall, the way of advertising has become much more interactive, meaning the audience plays a key role in the process.This is clearly visible in interactive shows, such as talk shows, live sport events or big gala events like the Golden globes or the Academy Awards. Here, the washrag is not only an active way of engaging the viewers but also a possibility to ask questions and get in touch with the makers or stars of the show. Some shows, such as â€Å"Project Runway', even give each contestant their own washrag for voting purposes. Likewise, the BBC family drama â€Å"Pretty Little Liars† gives a good example of the interactive usage of washrags between fans and the cast and rioters of the show.This might be partly due to the young age of the target audience, who are in their teens a nd mostly communicate with their friends via Faceable and Twitter. The series revolves around the mystery of a girl's disappearance and when asked, the series creator / show runner l. Marlene King hints at future story developments based on which the audience can attempt to solve the mystery. These are Just some of many shows that are successfully using the washrag for marketing purposes.For professionals working in marketing this means, in order to built a brand they will eve to create a campaign specific washrag in order to attract people on twitter to talk about their product, raise awareness and engage the target audience, as well as following current washrag trends in order to make their content relevant to trending topics. While the star of the show or film still plays an important role in the promotion process, the real marketing happens through the fans and social network users.The physical advertisement, such as posters has to big parts been replaced with the much more econ omical and at least as efficient advertisement through social networks, using washrags. This means the target audience who is spreading the word of a new show, movie or product all over the World Wide Web, became a key role in modern advertising. Therefore, the audience becomes more and more influential and even manages to reach out to big production companies and media groups. A good example for how powerful the audience's impact really is, is the NBC show â€Å"Community' which has been facing a constant threat of cancellation.In an attempt to safe the show, the show runners inserted the washrag † #Accommodativeness † at the end of the season three finale and started a campaign to safe the show. The fans picked up the washrag quickly and as NBC noticed the trending washrag and how much attention the show had been given, influential the users of social networks are if it comes to marketing, but also that washrags can be a inexpensive or even free marketing tool. This l eads me to my next point. How much does the washrag trend and the second – screen – trend influences me as an independent filmmaker and writer and how can I use the trend to my advantage?As an independent filmmaker it would be hard to run a professionally organized campaign in order to promote a new project, since there is usually no budget for advertising placements on television, posters or even professionally designed campaigns. For me, social media represents a free or affordable alternative to promote my projects. The washrag is a no budget film- marketing tool that can boost my appearance on the Internet. The more creative the washrag, the more successful the self-initiated campaign can be. Many â€Å"No Names† on Twitter have more followers than some celebrities.This proves that social media platforms such as Twitter are a great way to market your brand, film or product. Furthermore, from a writer's point of view, who would ideally like to work in televis ion, it is always useful to keep an eye on marketing trends while writing an episode. This way, the writer can already think of â€Å"washables puns† in the show or tastiness that could be used for washrag advertising, such as #Accommodativeness in Community, or even specifically create washrags for fans to interact in the Twitter community, much like in the example of Pretty Little Liars.However, all good things aside, the washrag trend also has its downside and using a washrag campaign for promotion purposes can potentially be a risky business. While it is fairly safe to say that a successful washrag campaign has the potential to raise awareness and increase online conversations, it can certainly be hard to predict the outcome. Once the washrag is out there, the marketers have no control over it and the development that the campaign might take is completely in the hands of the social media users. Some brands had to learn this lesson the hard way.When McDonald's introduced t heir washrag campaign â€Å"#Mysteries† in 2008, the campaign quickly developed a life of it's own and the designed washrag was used by Twitter users to tell their negative stories about the fast food chain. My personal favorite example of â€Å"how washrags can go wrong† is the â€Å"#Undersecretaries† washrag campaign which was created to mourn the death of Margaret Thatcher. Instead of reading the washrag â€Å"Undersecretaries† users read it as â€Å"#Undersecretaries† and as result accidentally mourned for the wrong lady.Status updates such as † R. L. P Cheer. At least now we'll find out about life after love. #Undersecretaries † amused the online community for days, but had very little to do with the actual events. In conclusion it can be said, that the development of the washrag trend within the sat seven years of its first appearance on twitter, clearly demonstrates the importance of collaboration between social networks and the television and film industry in order to successfully market a new film or TV show.The washrag trend has completely transformed the way of advertising in the TV and media landscape and given the audience a much bigger role in the advertising process. Moreover, it gives small companies or independent artists like me an opportunity to market themselves and create an online appearance to raise awareness to their films or handled carefully. In other words, marketers need to think about how washrags can be in cooperated into their media campaigns without losing the control over the narrative.

Invisible Man Ralph Ellison, Reality vs Illusion essays

Invisible Man Ralph Ellison, Reality vs Illusion essays The Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man emphasizes on an African-American mans struggle in discovering his identity in society but spending a lifetime completely unnoticed by society. His constant destruction of himself puts the narrator in unwanted positions. While he has no true relation with any person who can envision him past there discrimination and stereotypes, the narrator is left broken in society. This purposeful theme of invisibility in the eyes of society begins with his belief on the perception of others. The society which he socializes in cannot accomplish perception on the narrators life but instead exploit and use him for there own personally gain. The narrator is naive and gullible with people. The narrator concludes an opposite belief of the advice from this Grandfather who recently passed away. The narrator illustrates equality within the race of whites and blacks, but his grandfather indirectly warns him about others and whites especially. In addition his personally ques t in life puts him in unstable situations where he is caught running from problems. Finally at the end of his quest he must stop and relates his journey to failure and the realization of invisibility with the society. Also his journey left him broken within his perceptive from the invisibility of societys perception. This purposeful theme of invisibility in the eyes of society begins with his belief on the perception of others. "to repress not only his emotions but his humanity . . . [to be] invisible, a walking personification of the Negative, . . . the mechanical man!" (pg 94) The society which he socializes in cannot accomplish perception on the narrators life but instead exploit and use him for there own personally gain. While he has no true relation with any person who can envision him past there discrimination and stereotypes, the narrator is left broken in society. The best relates to the Brotherhood when he was g...

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular “They”

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular â€Å"They† God and Grammar This week I am spending Passover with my family.   Perhaps inspired by the season, I picked up the newsletter that comes from Kolot Chayeinu (â€Å"Voices of Our Lives), the synagogue I used to attend in Brooklyn, New York. I read it cover to cover for the first time in months. It won’t surprise you that a grammatical issue leapt up at me from the pages of the newsletter.   Kathryn Conroy of Kolot Chayeinu writes about the open nature of this progressive congregation: â€Å"The person who prays because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to them who does not believe in God at all.† The Singular â€Å"They† Did you spot the issue in Kathryn’s sentence?   It has become common for writers to refer to a single person, who could be of either gender, as a â€Å"they.† This â€Å"singular they† construction is grammatically problematic.   Clearly one person does not qualify as a â€Å"they,† â€Å"their† or â€Å"them† (all of which were used in Kathryn’s prose).   Yet we refer, perhaps lazily, or even sloppily, to singles as multiples – because it would be challenging or awkward to be grammatically rigorous. My uncle once created a neutral pronoun for just this situation:   fub.   It didn’t catch on. So at least for now, we’re still stuck with a lack of a non-gendered singular personal pronoun in the English language. Given the current state of affairs and my discomfort with the use of the singular â€Å"they,† I’ve decided to take on the challenge of improving upon the sentence from Kolot Chayeinu’s newsletter.   How would I write this sentence to avoid grammatical detention? Rewriting the Sentence One possibility is: â€Å"The person who prays because he or she believes that God will personally make a difference in his or her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to him or her who does not believe in God at all.† Hmmm†¦Ã‚   not so great. Stilted, right? This is exactly the type of sentence Ms. Conroy was avoiding. Next option:   Gender the language.   Here’s what it looks like: â€Å"The woman who prays because she believes that God will personally make a difference in her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the man standing next to her who does not believe in God at all.† I was surprised to discover that this sentence is much more powerful than the original – poignant even in addition to being grammatically sound.   An image is conjured of an actual woman and man standing next to each other praying, rather than of some vague or possible scenario. Third option:   Make it Plural â€Å"Congregation members who pray because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily lives are not the least bit threatened by those standing next to them who do not believe in God at all.† This sentence is grammatically correct, though in my opinion it doesnt pack the punch of the gendered option. The Essay Expert is a Traditionalist My vote for Kathryn’s sentence is to use a gendered version. And I prefer even the somewhat stilted language of the rigorously neutral option to the grammatically incorrect original. However, I am a traditionalist. The grammar books don’t necessarily agree with me. Not every situation lends itself to gendered language as well as does Kathryn’s sentence. Sometimes our choice is between the â€Å"singular they† and a stilted â€Å"he/she† in order to avoid politically incorrect gendered language.   And sometimes making the subject plural does the trick quite gracefully. My practice in these situations is to pluralized the subject or to use â€Å"he or she† rather than â€Å"they.† Or, if there are repeated references to a non-gendered â€Å"person† or â€Å"someone† in a piece of prose, I might alternate between the masculine and feminine pronouns.   When in doubt, I err on the side of feminine pronouns. After all, there are hundreds of years of usage of the traditional â€Å"he† to balance things out. Wikipedia Speaks Here’s what Wikipedia reports on the acceptability of the singular â€Å"they†: There has been considerable debate as to the acceptability of singular they. Regarding usage, The Chicago Manual of Style notes: On the one hand, it is unacceptable to a great many reasonable readers to use the generic masculine pronoun (he) in reference to no one in particular. On the other hand, it is unacceptable to a great many readers either to resort to nontraditional gimmicks to avoid the generic masculine (by using he/she or s/he, for example) or to use they as a kind of singular pronoun. Either way, credibility is lost with some readers. With the 14th edition (1993), the Manual briefly revised its neutral stance to actually recommend singular use of they and their, noting a revival of this usage and citing its venerable use by such writers as Addison, Austen, Chesterfield, Fielding, Ruskin, Scott, and Shakespeare. However, regret regarding that printing is expressed at its website; and with the current 15th edition (2003), it has returned to its original neutral position. The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible utilizes singular they instead of he or he or she, refelecting [sic] changes in English usage. The translators commissioned a study of modern English usage and determined that singular they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever,anyone,somebody,a person,no one, and the like. Your Turn What’s your opinion about how to handle the â€Å"singular they†?   Do you have any sample sentences to send me as a challenge?   Do you see any other ways to write Kathryn’s sentence?   And wouldn’t you love to be part of a community where the openness Kathryn describes is a reality? Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinApril 18, 2011 14 Comments Nancy Anderson says: April 19, 2011 at 8:04 am Happy Passover Brenda, I have always stumbled with the singular they and have used the he/she instead. It would make it so much easier to use Kathryns version as it would save all the rewrite time. I like how you are going to use feminine pronouns because he has been used for so many years. I think I will do the same. Its about time! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 19, 2011 at 8:47 am Happy Passover to you too Nancy! What I really am getting from this conversation is that there is no true right or wrong way to do it. We can choose the way that works best for the situation! I always like it when this happens. Log in to Reply Kristin Johnson says: April 19, 2011 at 10:00 am Happy Passover! Thank you for tackling this irksome subject! Ive grown up believing the singular they was just wrong. Back in high school, which was awhile ago, I was taught to use one in these situations, but evidently this in now passe. I miss it! It was such a convenient solution to the dilemma. Can we create a movement for its comeback? Hope I see you around town when you get back! -Kristin Log in to Reply Linda says: April 20, 2011 at 4:48 pm Happy Passover Brenda! Great post! I, too, am often troubled when I see they used for one person. My resolution has been to insert s/he or refer to him/her as you have done in a sense. Or to rewrite a sentence to make they and them fit better. I like the way you address this topic. Another grammatical issue I was taught when in school was the use of there when starting a sentence. My professor hated it and adamantly taught us to rewrite a sentence to prevent such construction. Since college, however, it seems this has become passe as I have seen many editors begin sentences with There without second thoughts and often justify it. Instead of debating the issue, I merely ensure my writing does not include such usage. What is your thought on this? Also, since we are talking grammatical, I noticed a typo in the second sentence of the second paragraph. Looks like the third word was not omitted upon a rewrite of the sentence. Enjoy your time with family and have a great weekend! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 21, 2011 at 4:06 pm Hi Nancy, thank you for raising the issue of starting a sentence with there. I am comfortable with that usage, e.g., There are many things to be grateful for in life! Sometimes using there to start a sentence is superfluous, e.g., instead of There are many people who disagree with that rule, say Many people disagree with that rule. Thank you for catching my proofreading oversight. It has been corrected! And thank you for the holiday wishes. Im having a wonderful time and look forward to attending the Clearwater Generations concert tomorrow night! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 10:59 pm Hi Brenda and Happy Passover! I never had this problem until I came to the U.S. and was doing phone research. The questionnaires were full of grammatical errors and this one, in particular, using they to refer to a singular stuck in my throat. I tried to substitute it verbally with he/she or him/her, but if it looks stilted in writing (except for business letters/reports), it sounded worse when spoken. I love the solution that you gave above, which may require a bit more consideration, but as you said, makes the sentence much more powerful. I have several other grammatical peeves that are becoming more common such as using a instead of an and that instead of who. My English teacher must be turning in her grave at the way the English language is being distorted and rules flagrantly dismissed. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 1:12 am Thanks Penelope. Another solution is to use plurals, since we do have a gender-neutral plural third person pronoun. I am with you on the who vs. that issue, though there is debate about whether it is incorrect to refer to people as that. Definitely a topic for me to tackle in the future. The use of a instead of and occurs more in speech than in written communication, as far as I can tell. We live in a constantly evolving world of language and things that were not acceptable even a couple of years ago are now the norm. Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: April 22, 2011 at 11:02 pm Gosh, did I make a mistake when I wrote, Hi Brenda and Happy Passover, as if the latter was also a person! Obviously, it should have read: Hi Brenda. Happy Passover! A mistake in my very first comment about grammatical correctness. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 12:53 am Hi Penelope, I would not have noticed that mistake if you hadnt pointed it out! Good catch. I saw one other thing in this recent post, however: I would suggest writing as if the latter *were* also a person. This is an example of the subjunctive tense and I will put it on my list for blog articles in the future! Heres one site I found that addresses the issue: https://www.ceafinney.com/subjunctive/guide.html Thanks so much for your comments Penelope! Log in to Reply Ann Mullen says: April 23, 2011 at 4:39 pm Good afternoon, I would also suggest the following: People who pray because they. . . are not the least threatened by the person standing next to them . . . . I struggle with the singular they when I read it so I often use he or she, or vary the gender of the person in different sentences or different paragraphs. I dont do it consistently because then I appear too worried about the sex of the subjects and not as concerned about my topic. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 23, 2011 at 6:49 pm Hi Ann, yes Ive been thinking that I should add to my article the option of making the subject plural. In this particular example I still like the gendered language because of the picture it draws. I agree that in many instances, however, pluralizing is the best solution! Log in to Reply Paula Lee Bright says: April 25, 2011 at 4:14 am As I mentioned earlier, I am a sinner to the -nth degree! Yes, using they and their bother me when referring to a singular person But Ive decided that readability and the comfort of my readers is more important to me than being grammatically correct. It still galls me. But I go with it! My blog for parents of kids who cant read is as conversational as I can make it, and my personal blog is truly me to you in its style. So even though the purist in my still lives!- I have adapted and accept what people feel most comfortable with. Because quite honestly, none of my readers choose me for my grammar. They choose me because what I have to say resonates in their (!-hey, but it was plural!) lives. Ill always grimacebut then Ill write just as I would speak to them. And the English perfectionist in me be damned! (Did you notice how many incomplete sentences I used? I feel sure you did. 😉 ) Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 25, 2011 at 10:08 am Great comment Paula, and it reminds us that we write for our audience. If the audience expects a particular type of language, it is our job as writers to give it to them. When Im on the streets of Brooklyn, I ask people if they know where the laundromat is at. Anything else would just sound weird. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: April 30, 2011 at 4:58 pm Thank you for your additional option of using the second person. In the example at hand, it would not work in exactly the language you offered since the author is describing a scenario that occurs in a congregation. However, it could read, â€Å"At Kolot Chayeinu, if you pray because you believe that God will personally make a difference in your daily life, those around you will not be the least bit threatened even if they do not believe in God at all.† Log in to Reply